Process for preparing doxorubicin

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a process for improving daunorubicin and doxorubicin production by means of a recombinant microorganism in which a gene of daunorubicin metabolism is mutated. The mutated gene is preferably dnrU and/or dnrX.

This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of the International Application No. PCT/US98/03938, filed Mar. 5, 1998, and is also a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/901,306 filed Jul. 28, 1997, which has issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,319, and a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/812,412 filed Mar. 6, 1997, which has issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,869.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns a process for improving doxorubicin production by means of a recombinant strain bearing a mutation in a gene of daunorubicin metabolism.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Anthracyclines of the daunorubicin group such as doxorubicin, carminomycin and aclacinomycin and their synthetic analogs are among the most widely employed agents in antitumoral therapy (F. Arcamone, Doxorubicin, Academic Press New York, 1981, pp. 12-25; A. Grein, Process Biochem., 16:34, 1981; T. Kaneko, Chimicaoggi May 11, 1988; C. E. Myers et al., “Biochemical mechanism of tumor cell kill” in Anthracycline and Anthracenedione-Based Anti-cancer Agents (Lown, J. W., ed.) Elsevier Amsterdam, pp. 527-569, 1988; J. W. Lown, Pharmac. Ther. 60:185-214, 1993). Anthracyclines of the daunorubicin group are naturally occurring compounds produced by various Streptomyces species and by Actinomyces carminata. Doxorubicin is mainly produced by strains of Streptomyces peucetius while daunorubicin is produced by many other Actinomycetes. In particular daunorubicin and doxorubicin are synthesized in S. peucetius ATCC 29050 and 27952 from malonic acid, propionic acid and glucose by the pathway summarized in Grein (Advan. Applied Microbiol. 32:203, 1987) and in Eckart and Wagner (J. Basic Microbiol. 28:137, 1988). Aklavinone (11-deoxy-ε-rhodomycinone), ε-rhodomycinone and carminomycin are established intermediates in this process. The final step in this pathway involves the hydroxylation of daunorubicin to doxorubicin by the DoxA enzyme ({U.S. Ser. No. 08/396,218, WO96/27014}; M. L. Dickens and W. R. Strohl, J. Bacteriol. 178:3389 (1996)), which is reported to occur only in S. peucetius.

13-Dihydrodaunorubicin may be an intermediate in the conversion of ε-rhodomycinone to daunorubicin via rhodomycin D (FIG. 1) according to Dickens et al. (J. Bacteriol. 179:2641 (1997)). Daunorubicin is bioconverted to (13S)-13-dihydrodaunorubicin when added to cultures of S. peucetius and some other Streptomycetes (N. Crespi-Perellino et al., Experientia, 38:1455, 1982; T. Oki et al., J. Antibiotics, 34:1229, 1981; G. Cassinelli et al., Gazz. Chim. Ital. 114:185,1984). It is not known whether the 13-dihydrodaunorubicin that may be an intermediate of daunorubicin and doxorubicin production in S. peucetius is identical to the (13S)-13-dihydrodaunorubicin formed by this bioconversion. Since these two compounds can differ in their C-13 stereochemistry, one diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin might be a substrate for DoxA and the other one would not. In the latter case, C-13 reduction of daunorubicin would block its further oxidation to doxorubicin.

Several genes for daunorubicin and doxorubicin biosynthesis and resistance have been isolated from S. peucetius 29050 and 27952 by cloning experiments. The S. peucetius dnrU gene identified herein is a homolog of the Streptomyces sp. strain C5 gene ORF1 (syn. dauU) described by Dickens and Strohl (J. Bacteriol. 178:3389 (1996)). Since the predicted protein products of the dnrU and dauU genes resemble enzymes known to reduce ketone groups, the dnrU and dauU proteins may catalyze the reduction of daunorubicin, formed in vivo or added to cultures exogenously, to 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.

Daunorubicin is known to be converted to 4′-O-glycosides called baumycins in Streptomyces species (Y. Takahashi, H. Naganawa. T. Takeuchi, H. Umezawa, T. Komiyama, T. Oki and T. Inui. J. Antibiot. 30:622, 1977) thus decreasing also the amount of doxorubicin potentially obtainable through oxidation of daunorubicin. For recovering daunorubicin at the end of fermentation, baumycins are converted to daunorubicin by acid hydrolysis. However this process presents certain drawbacks in that the amount of doxorubicin thus produced is low and the process is complicated by the acid hydrolysis step. The present invention solves this problem by providing a mutated Streptomyces strain in which one of the genes responsible for the conversion of daunorubicin to baumycins has been insertionally inactivated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns a process for preparing doxorubicin by means of a bacteria recombinant strain bearing at least one mutation and preferably two mutations blocking the function of at least one gene of daunorubicin metabolism. The inactivating mutations increase daunorubicin and doxorubicin production levels and cause the disappearance of baumycin-like products resulting in daunorubicin and doxorubicin secretion directly into the culture medium. Consequently, there is no need to acidify the cultures at the end of fermentation. The relative amounts of 6-rhodomycinone and 13-dihydrodaunorubicin may also be altered, as an incidental consequence of the mutation. Preferably the bacterium is a strain of Streptomyces sp. producing daunorubicin and doxorubicin, having at least one mutation blocking the function of at least one gene of daunorubicin metabolism.

One of the inactivated genes is preferably in the DNA fragment having the configuration of restriction sites shown in FIG. 5 or in a fragment derived therefrom containing a gene, dnrX, encoding a protein involved in the metabolism of daunorubicin to acid-sensitive, baumycin-like compounds.

The second inactivated gene is preferably comprised in the DNA fragment having the configuration of restriction sites shown in FIG. 3 or in a fragment derived therefrom containing a gene, dnrU, coding for a protein involved in the metabolism of daunorubicin.

The present invention provides a mutant strain of S. peucetius, obtained from S. peucetius ATCC 29050, having a mutation blocking the function of the dnrU gene. This mutation greatly increases the doxorubicin production level relative to the amount of daunorubicin, and by coincidence may also increase the amount of ε-rhodomycinone.

The present invention also provides a mutant strain of S. peucetius, obtained from S. peucetius ATCC 29050, having a mutation inactivating the function of the dnrX gene.

The present invention also provides a mutant strain of S. Peucetius, obtained from S. peucetius ATCC 29050, having a mutation inactivating the function of both the dnrX and dnrU genes.

Genes for daunorubicin and doxorubicin biosynthesis and resistance have been obtained from S. peucetius 29050 and S. peucetius 27952 by cloning experiments as described in Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 3135 (1988)) and Otten et al., (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)).

The dnrU mutant can be obtained by disrupting the dnrU gene, obtained from the S. peucetius 29050 anthracycline production genes described by Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 3135 (1988)) and Otten et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)), by insertion of the neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene (aphII) into the BaII restriction site located at the beginning of dnrU. This disrupted dnrU::aphII gene is used to replace the normal dnrU gene in the 29050 strain.

The dnrX mutant was obtained by disrupting the dnrX gene of the anthracycline biosynthetic gene cluster by insertion of the neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene (aphII) in the NcoI restriction site of dnrX.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a summary of the biosynthetic pathway to daunorubicin and doxorubicin in S. peucetius.

FIG. 2A and 2B show the DNA and deduced protein sequences of the dnrU gene and part of the dnrV gene. SEQ ID 1 is a schematic illustration of the dnrU DNA nucleotide sequence. Said DNA corresponds to that encoding a protein for daunorubicin metabolism. The sequence covers the region between the SstI and the AatII restriction sites and shows the coding strand in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The derived amino acid sequence of the translated open reading frame encoding a protein required for daunorubicin metabolism is shown below the nucleotide sequence of the dnrU gene as SEQ ID 2.

FIG. 3 is a restriction map analysis of the DNA of the invention. Said DNA is a 4.8-kb BamHI-NruI fragment containing dnrU and dnrV, subcloned from the cosmid clone pWHM335 described in Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson, (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:3135 (1988)) and Otten et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)). The location and direction of transcription of the two genes are indicated by arrows. The fragment was inserted into the unique BamHI and NruI restriction sites of the polylinker region of plasmid pSE380 (Invitrogen Corp.). The map shown in FIG. 3 does not necessarily provide an exhaustive listing of all restriction sites present in the DNA fragment. However, the reported sites are sufficient for an unambiguous recognition of the DNA segment. (Restriction site abbreviations: Ba, BamHI; Sa, SaII, Kp, KpnI; No, NotI; B, BaII, Nr, NruI; Aa, AatII, Ss, SStI and Pv, PvuII).

FIG. 4 is the structure of KC515 and phWHM295 containing the disrupted copy the dnrU gene. ΔattP and cos indicate the relative locations of the deletion in the phage attachment site and the cohesive end of KC515, respectively; tsr, vph and aphII are the thiostrepton, viomycin and neomycin resistance genes, respectively. (Restriction site abbreviations: Ba, BamHI; Bg, Bg/II; Hp, HpaII; No, NotI; Nr, NruI; Ps PstI; Pv, PvuII; Ss, SstI and Xh, XhoI).

FIG. 5 is a restriction map analysis of the DNA of the invention. Said DNA is a BamHI fragment of 3.3 kb, containing the dnrX gene, obtained from the cosmid clone pWHM335 described in Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 3135 (1988)) and Otten et al., (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)). The fragment was inserted into the unique BamHI restriction site of the polylinker region of plasmid pUC19 (Yanish-Perron C. et al., Gene 33:103-119 (1985)). The map shown in FIG. 5 does not necessarily provide an exhaustive listing of all restriction sites present in the DNA fragment. However, the reported sites are sufficient for an unambiguous recognition of the DNA segment. [Restriction site abbreviations: Ba, BamHI; Nc, NcoI; Sc, ScaI; Xm, XmaI; Aw, AIwNI; Bg, BgIII; Pv, PvuI.]

FIG. 6 is a representation of plasmid pWHM225 in which the 4.3 kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment from plasmid pWHM223 is inserted in the EcoRI-HindIII sites of plasmid pKC1139. The construction of plasmid pWHM225 is described in Example 4. The map shown in FIG. 6 does not necessarily provide an exhaustive listing of all restriction sites present in the DNA molecule.

SEQ ID NO:4 sets forth the dnrX DNA nucleotide sequence. Said DNA corresponds to that encoding a protein required for daunorubicin metabolism. The sequence covers the region between the Scal and the BamHI restriction sites and shows the coding strand in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The derived amino acid sequence of the translated open reading frame encoding a protein required for daunorubicin glycosylation is shown under (SEQ ID NO:5).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a bacteria recombinant strain bearing a mutation inactivating the function of the daunorubicin metabolism gene dnrU and/or dnrX. The bacterial strain may be one that is daunorubicin- or doxorubicin-sensitive, i.e. cannot grow in the presence of a certain amount of daunorubicin or doxorubicin, or that is daunorubicin- or doxorubicin-resistant. Strains belonging to the Streptomyces genus constitute a preferred embodiment of the invention; a Streptomyces peucetius strain constitutes a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention. Most preferred are the S. peucetius strains WMH1658, WMH1654 and WMH 1662. The strain WMH1658 was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA, under the accession number ATCC 55994. The strain WMH1654 was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA, under the accession number ATCC 55936. The strain WMH1662 was deposited at the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., USA, under the accession number ATCC 202051.

The WMH1658 strain was obtained from S. peucetius ATCC 29050 strain by replacing the dnrU gene with a mutated dnrU gene into which the neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene (aphII) from the pFDNEO-S plasmid described by F. Danis and R. Brzezinski, (FEMS Microbiology Letters 81:261 (1991 ) was inserted. The aphII gene was inserted into the BaII restriction site located at the beginning of dnrU to disrupt the function of dnrU, as better explained in Example 1.

The WMH1654 strain was obtained from the S. peucetius ATCC 29050 strain by replacing the dnrX gene with a mutated dnrX gene insertionally inactivated by introduction of the neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene (aphII) from pFDNEO-S plasmid described by F. Danis and R. Brzezinski, (FEMS Microbiology Letters 81:261-264 (1991)). The aphII gene was inserted at the NcoI site of dnrX to disrupt its function, as better explained in Example 4.

The WMH1662 strain was obtained from the S. peucetius ATCC 29050 strain by replacing the dnrX and dnrU genes with mutated dnrX and dnrU genes insertionally inactivated by introduction of the neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene (aphII) from pFDNEO-S plasmid described by F. Danis and R. Brzezinski, (FEMS Microbiology Letters 81:261-264 (1991)). The aphII gene was inserted at the NcoI site of dnrX and into the BaII site of dnrU to disrupt their function, as better explained in Example 7.

The expert in the art will recognize that any other technique to inactivate the gene can be suitably employed in the present invention.

The bacterial recombinant strain may be any other microorganism transformed with plasmids or transfected with phage DNA containing an anthracycline gene cluster able to produce daunorubicin and/or doxorubicin and/or baumycins.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing doxorubicin, which process comprises:

(i) culturing a bacterial recombinant strain of the invention, and

(ii) isolating doxorubicin and/or daunorubicin from the culture.

In this process the bacterial recombinant strain may be cultured at from 20 to 40° C, preferably from 26 to 37° C. The culture is preferably carried out with agitation. In order to obtain the bacterial recombinant strain of the invention, the dnrU and dnrX genes were isolated from clones described in Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson, (Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3135 (1989) and Otten et al., (J. Bacteriol. 172:3427 (1990).

The dnrU gene is contained in a 4.8-kb BamHI-NruI fragment obtained from the cosmid clone pWHM335 described in Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 3135 (1988)) and Often et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)). This 4.8 kb BamHI-NruI fragment can be further digested to give the 1.55 kb SstI-AatI fragment whose sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) is shown in FIG. 2. The 1.55 kb SstI-AatI fragment includes the dnrU gene and part of the dnrV gene.

The dnrX gene is contained in a 3.3 kb DNA fragment obtained by digestion of the clone pWHM335 with the restriction endonuclease BamHI.

The dnrU gene consists essentially of the sequence of SEQ ID NO 1, which sequence will be referred to as the “dnrU” sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the daunorubicin and doxorubicin metabolism protein encoded by SEQ ID NO 1 is shown in SEQ ID NO 2. The isolated dnrU gene was subsequently subcloned into an appropriate DNA cloning vector.

The dnrX gene consists essentially of the sequence of SEQ. ID NO. 4, which sequence will be referred to as the “dnrX” sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the daunorubicin and doxorubicin metabolism protein encoded by SEQ. ID NO.4 is shown in SEQ. ID NO. 5. The isolated dnrX gene was subsequently subcloned into an appropriate DNA cloning vector.

Any autonomously replicating and/or integrating agent comprising a DNA molecule to which one or more additional DNA segments can be added may be used. Typically, however, the vector is a plasmid. Preferred plasmids are pUC19 (Yanish-Perron et al., Gene 33: 103 (1985)) and pWHM3 (Vara et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:5872 (1989)). Any suitable technique may be used to insert the DNA into the vector. Insertion can be achieved by ligating the DNA into a linearized vector at an appropriate restriction site. For this, direct combination of sticky or blunt ends, homopolymer tailing, or the use of a linker or adapter molecule may be employed. The recombinant plasmid is then digested with a suitable restriction enzyme and ligated with the aphII gene. This construction is transferred into a suitable vector for homologous integration. Among the possible vectors that can be used, KC515 (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985)) or pKC1 139 (M. Bierman et al., Gene 1 16:43-49 (1992)) are preferred. KC515 is a derivative of φC31 and can only transduce a host to antibiotic resistance if the vector carries a segment of homologous DNA, and pKC1 139 is an E. coli-Streptomyces shuttle vector that contains a temperature-sensitive replicon that functions well at temperature below 34° C. and bears the apramycin resistance gene. The recombinant vector thus obtained is used to transform, typically with KC515 by transduction with infective phage particles or with pKC1139 by protoplast transformation, an appropriate Streptomyces strain; the final step in this inactivation protocol is the isolation of kanamycin resistant transformant in which the recombinant plasmid has recombined with the dnrU and/or dnrX genes and inactivated it (see Examples 1, 4 and 7).

On the basis of the information provided herein, the expert in the art can easily obtain the 1.55 kb SstI-AatII and 3.3 kb BamHI DNA fragments by:

a) preparing a library of the genomic DNA of S. peucetius 29050 or a strain derived therefrom:

b) screening the library for clones positive to a labelled probe, of at least 24 nucleotides, synthesized according to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 4;

c) obtaining an insert DNA, from a recombinant vector, that forms part of the library and that has been screened as positive for the ability to metabolize daunorubicin to doxorubicin in the S. peucetius dnrU mutant or the ability to convert daunorubicin into the acid-sensitive metabolite form in the S. peucetius dnrX mutant.

To obtain the DNA fragment, the library may be prepared in step a) by partially digesting the genomic DNA of S. peucetius 29050 or a strain derived therefrom; or by screening a library of Streptomyces genomic DNA that has been enriched for the cluster of daunorubicin and doxorubicin biosynthesis genes. Generally the restriction enzyme MboI is preferably used for genomic DNA, but for the libraries containing the cluster of daunorubicin biosynthesis genes, the restriction enzymes BamHI is preferred. The DNA fragments thus obtained can be size fractionated; fragments from 1 to 7 kb in size are preferred for libraries containing the cluster of daunorubicin and doxorubicin biosynthesis genes. These fragments are ligated into a linearized vector such as pWHM3 or pKC505 ((M. A.Richardson et al, Gene 61:231 (1987)). E. coli DH5α and DH1 are respectively transformed or transfected with the ligation mixtures. in step b) the colonies obtained by the transformations are transferred to nylon membranes and screened by colony hybridization for plasmids or cosmids which hybridize to the labelled probe, of at least 24 nucleotides, synthesized according to the sequence of SEQ ID No:1 and/or SEQ ID NO:4.

In step c) plasmid DNA from the clones which hybridized to the probe is isolated and used to transform protoplasts of host cells. The hosts may be microorganisms that produce less doxorubicin than daunorubicin or microorganisms that do not produce acid-sensitive, baumycin-like compounds. The S. peucetius dnrU mutant strain (ATCC 55994) that produces more doxorubicin than daunorubicin and, coincidentally, more ε-rhodomycinone than the 29050 strain, and the S. peucetius dnrX mutant strain (ATCC 55936) that does not produce acid-sensitive, baumycin-like compounds represent particularly suitable hosts.

Clones containing DNA fragments which include the 1.55 kb SstI-AatII DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO:3) of the invention, when introduced into the S. peucetius dnrU mutant strain (ATCC 55994), are recognized by the appearance in fermentation cultures of decreased levels of doxorubicin relative to daunorubicin and, coincidentally, ε-rhodomycinone.

Clones containing DNA fragments which include the 3.3 kb BamHI DNA fragment of the invention are recognized by the appearance in non-acidified fermentation cultures of acid-sensitive, baumycin-like compounds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bacterial Strains and Plasmids

E. coli strain DH5α (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), which is sensitive to ampicillin, is used for subcloning DNA fragments. S. peucetius ATCC 29050 and a S. peucetius dnrU mutant that produces more doxorubicin than daunorubicin and, coincidentally, more ε-rhodomycinone than the 29050 strain are used for disruption and expression, respectively, of the dnrU gene. Streptomyces lividans TK24 (D. A. Hopwood et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2257 (1983)) and S. lividans TK24(φC31) lysogen are used in transfection experiments (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) and for screening of phage carrying a cloned chromosomal DNA fragment (N. D. Lomovskaya et al., J. Bacteriol. 178:3238 (1996) or N. D. Lomovskaya et al. Microbiology 143:875 (1997)). S. peucetius dnrX mutant that does not produce acid-sensitive daunorubicin metabolites is used for expression of the dnrX gene. The vector for homologous integration is pKC1139 (M. Bierman et al., Gene 116:43-49 (1992)), a shuttle E. coli-Streptomyces vector.

The plasmid cloning vectors are pUC18/19 ((Yanish-Perron et al., Gene 33:103 (1985)), pSE380 (Invitrogen Corp.), pSP72 (Promega), and pWHM3 (Vara et al., J. Bacteriol. 171:5872 (1989)). The integrative vector is KC515, a derivative of phage φC31 (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985). The pFDNEO-S plasmid described by F. Danis and R. Brzezinski, (FEMS Microbiology Letters 81:261-264 (1991)) is used to get the neomycin/kanamycin aphII resistance gene.

Media and Buffer:

E. coli strain DH5α is maintained on LB agar (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). When selecting for transformants, ampicillin and/or apramycin are added at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml and/or 50 micrograms/ml respectively. S. peucetius 29050, S. peucetius dnrX::aphII and dnrU.:aphII strains are maintained on ISP4 agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) for the preparation of spores and on R2YE agar (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) for regeneration of protoplasts. When selecting for transformants the plates are overlayed with 20 micrograms/ml thiostrepton and/or soft agar containing 350 micrograms/ml apramycin corresponding to a final concentration in the plates of 40 micrograms/ml apramycin. R2YE agar without sucrose is used when S. peucetius 29050 is infected with phage phWHM295.

Subcloning DNA Fragments:

DNA samples are digested with appropriate restriction enzymes and separated on agarose gel by standard methods (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Agarose slices containing DNA fragments of interest are excised from a gel and the DNA is isolated from these slices using the GENECLEAN device (Bio101, La Jolla, Calif.) or an equivalent. The isolated DNA fragments are subcloned using standard techniques (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) into E. coli for routine manipulations, including DNA sequencing, and E. coli-Streptomyces shuttle vectors or Streptomyces vectors for expression experiments and fermentations.

DNA Sequencing of the dnrX Gene.

In order to sequence the fragment containing the gene of interest, the following synthetic oligonucleotide primers for pUC19 have been synthesized:

pU C Sequencing Primer (−47) 24-mer:

5′d(CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC)3′ (SEQ ID NO:6);

pUC Reverse Sequencing (−48) 24-mer:

5′d(AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGA)3′ (SEQ ID NO:7).

The sequence determination has been performed simultaneously on both strands.

Transformation of E. coli and Streptomyces Species:

Competent cells of E. coli are prepared by the calcium chloride method (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and transformed by standard techniques (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). S. peucetius 29050, S. peucetius dnrX::aphII mycelium, and/or S. peucetius dnrU::aphII mycelium is grown in R2YE medium (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) and harvested after 24 or 48 hours. The mycelial pellet is washed twice with 10.3% (wt/vol) sucrose solution and used to prepare protoplasts according to the method outlined in the Hopwood manual (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985). The protoplast pellet is suspended in about 300 microlitres of P buffer (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) and a 50 microliter aliquot of this suspension is used for each transformation. Protoplasts are transformed with plasmid DNA according to the small scale transformation method of Hopwood et al. (Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985), Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86: 3135 (1988) or Otten et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172: 3427 (1990)). After 17 hr of regeneration on R2YE medium at 30° C., the plates are overlayed with 20 micrograms/ml of thiostrepton and/or 40 micrograms/ml of apramycin and allowed to grow at 30° C until sporulated.

Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Production:

An S. peucetius dnrX:: aphII mutant strain, S. peucetius dnrU::aphII mutant strain or S. peucetius dnrU::aphII, dnrX:: aphII mutant strain is inoculated into 25 ml of liquid R2YE medium with 40 micrograms/ml of kanamycin sulfate in a 300 ml flask and incubated at 30° C. and 300 rpm on a rotary shaker. After 2 days of growth 2.5 ml of this culture are transferred to 25 ml of APM production medium: ((g/l) glucose (60), yeast extract (8), malt extract (20), NaCI (2), 3-(morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS sodium salt) (15), MgSO4 .7H2O (0.2), FeSO4 .7H2O (0.01), ZnSO4.7H2O (0.01). Forty (40) micrograms of kanamycin are added to the S. peucetius dnrU::aphII and dnrX::aphII culture. The cultures are incubated in a 300 ml flask at 30° C. and 300 rpm on a rotary shaker for 96-120 hrs. The cultures are acidified with 250 mg oxalic acid and incubated at 30° C. over night and then extracted with an equal volume of acetonitrile:methanol (1:1) at 30° C. and 300 rpm for 2 hr. The extract is filtered and the filtrate is analyzed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). RP-HPLC is performed by using a Vydac C18 column (4.6×250 mm; 5 micrometers particle size) at a flow rate of 0.385 ml/min. Mobile phase is 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, from Pierce Chemical Co.) in H2O and mobile phase B is 0.078% TFA in acetonitrile (from J: T: Baker Chemical Co.). Elution is performed with a linear gradient from 20 to 60% phase B in phase A in 33 minutes and monitored with a diode array detector set at 488 nm (bandwidth 12 micrometers). ε-rhodomycinone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin (10 micrograms/ml in methanol) are used as external standards to quantitate the amount of these metabolites isolated from the cultures.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Disruption of dnrU:

pWHM555 is constructed by subcloning the 6.0-kb BamHI fragment containing the dnrU and dnrv genes from the pWHM335 cosmid clone described by Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson (Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3135 (1988)) and Otten et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172:3427 (1990)) in the pUC18 plasmid vector. pWHM289 is constructed by subcloning the 4.8-kb BamHI-NruI fragment containing the dnrU and dnrV genes from pWHM555 in the pSE380 vector, from which a 4.8-kb BamHI-XhoI fragment was cloned into the pSP72 vector to create pWHM290. Then the aphII gene, obtained as a 1.0 kb SaII fragment from pFDNeoS, was inserted into the BaII site located in the beginning of the structural part of dnrU to create pWHM293. A 4.0-kb AatII-XhoI fragment containing the aphII gene was cloned blunt-ended from pWHM293 into the PvuII site of pSP72 to create pWHM294, from which a 4.0-kb BamHI-XhoI fragment containing the disrupted copy of dnrU was cloned into the KC515 phage vector to create phWHM295 (FIG. 3).

Cloning of the dnrU Gene:

Cloning of S. peucetius 29050 DNA fragments into the phage integrative vector KC515 and screening of the phage carrying a disrupted copy of the dnrU gene are performed as described by Lomovskaya et al. (J. Bacteriol. 178:3238 (1996) or Microbiology 143:875 (1997)). The phage plaques obtained after transfection of S. lividans TK24 protoplasts are screened by selection for neomycin resistance with neomycin (10 micrograms/ml) added to R2YE growth medium. The presence or absence of the neomycin (aphII) and viomycin (vph) resistance genes in the phage vector is tested by adding neomycin (10 microgram/ml) and viomycin (200 microgram/ml) to R2YE medium. In this way the phage phWHM295 is characterized as containing aphII and vph resistance genes. The presence of the cloned DNA containing the disrupted dnrU::aphII gene was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion analysis.

S. peucetius 29050 is infected with phWHM295 (5×10⁷ spores and 1 to 2×10⁸ phage). After 16 h the plates are overlaid with an aqueous neomycin solution to give a final concentration of 10 microgram/ml, then after further growth for 6 d until sporulation, the plates are replica-plated on minimal medium (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) containing neomycin (10 micrograms/ml). Primary neomycin-resistant clones are isolated and their phenotype is determined after a second round of single colony isolation. Selection for gene replacement is carried out on minimal medium with neomycin (10 micrograms/ml) and viomycin (30 micrograms/ml). In this way, clones are obtained that are resistant to neomycin and sensitive to viomycin. Two colonies with the neomycin-resistance, viomycin-sensitive phenotype are examined by Southern analysis to verify the disruption of the dnrU gene. Chromosomal DNA from the 29050 strain and the WHM1658 dnrU mutant strain are digested with BamHI and probed with the 1.1-kb PstI-BamHI fragment of pFDNeoS containing the aphII gene. The probe hybridizes to a 7.0-kb BamHI fragment for the dnrU mutant, which is consistent with the insertion of the aphII gene in the dnrU gene.

Example 2

Enhanced ε-rhodomycinone and Doxorubicin Production in the Fermentation Broth of the WHM1658 dnrU::aphII mutant:

The dnrU::aphII mutant is grown for 10 days at 30° C. on slants of ISP4 agar medium (Difco) supplemented with 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate. The spores of this culture are collected and suspended in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25 ml of R2YE liquid medium containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate and the flasks are shaken for 2 days at 30° C. on a rotary shaker running at 300 rpm in a 5 cm diameter circle. A 2.5 ml portion of this culture is used to inoculate 25 ml of APM medium containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks are incubated at 30° C for 96 hr under the same conditions described for the seed cultures. The metabolites are extracted from the cultures according to the methods described in the Materials and Methods section. The production values are indicated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Amount (micrograms/ml) of ε-rhodomycinone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin produced by the S. peucetius ATCC 29050 and WMH1658 dnrU::aphll strains in the APM medium at 96 h. ε-rhodomy- doxo/dauno Strain cinone doxorubicin daunorubicin ratio 290950 11.6  6.6 10.1 0.65 WMH1658 39.4 31.7  8.9 3.56

Example 3

Complementation of the dnrU::aphII Mutation with the dnrU and dnrU+dnrV Genes:

To confirm that the high production value of ε-rhodomycinone and doxorubicin in the fermentation broth of the dnrU::aphII mutant is due to dnrU disruption, the WMH1658 dnrU mutant is transformed separately with pWHM299 and pWHM345. These two plasmids are made as follows. A 1.55-kb AatII/-SstI fragment (SEQ ID NO:3) from pWHM555 containing the dnrU gene is cloned into pSE380 to create pWHM298. A 1 .55-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment from pWHM298 is cloned into pWHM3 to create pWHM299. A 3.1-kb PvuII-SstI fragment from pWHM555 containing the dnrU and dnrV genes is cloned into pSP72 to create pWHM343. A 3.1-kb EcoRI-XhoI fragment from pWHM343 is cloned into pSE380 to create pWHM344. A 3.1-kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment from pWHM344 is cloned into pWHM3 to create pWHM345. pWHM299 and pWHM345 are introduced separately into the S. peucetius WMH1658 dnrU mutant by the protoplast-mediated transformation method described above, using thiostrepton (20 micrograms/ml) for selection of the transformants. S. peucetius WMH1658 transformants are verified by reisolation of pWHM3, pWHM299 or pWHM345 according to the plasmid isolation protocol described by Hopwood et al. (Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. A Laboratory Manual, John Innes Foundation, Norwich, UK, 1985) and analysis of the DNA of these plasmids by restriction endonuclease digestion according to standard protocols (Sambrook et al., Molecular cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Transformants are grown in the APM medium in the presence of thiostrepton (10 micrograms/ml) and culture extracts are checked for production of ε-rhodomycinone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin production according to the procedure described above. HPLC analysis shows a decrease in the amount of ε-rhodomycinone and doxorubicin produced by the WMH1658(pWHM299) recombinant strain containing the dnrU gene and the WMH1658(pWHM345) recombinant strain containing the dnrU and dnrv genes, compared with the amounts of these metabolites produced by the WMH1658(pWHM3) transformant (typical values are shown in Table 2). As can be seen from Table 2, the complementation experiment with plasmid pWHM345 resulted in a complete restoration of doxorubicin production level. This result is not unexpected since, as already described in Solari et al., Cloning and Expression of Daunorubicin C-14 Hydroxylase Gene from a Streptomyces peucetius Mutant, the Sixth Conference on the Genetics and Molecular Biology of Industrial Microorganisms, Oct. 20-24, 1996, Bloomington, Ind., (USA), the presence of the dnrV gene has the effect of increasing the conversion from daunorubicin to doxorubicin in Streptomyces.

TABLE 2 Amounts (micrograms/ml) of ε-rhodomycinone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin produced by the S. peucetius WMH1658 dnrU::aphll recombinant strain bearing either pWHM3, pWHM299 or pWHM345 in the APM medium at 120 h. ε-rhodomy- doxo/dauno Strain cinone doxorubicin daunorubicin ratio WMH1658 75.1 70.2 30.0 2.34 (pWHM3) WMH1658 60.3 49.4 44.1 1.12 (pWHM299) WMH1658 42.8 52.1 19.3 2.70 (pWHM345)

Example 4

Disruption of dnrX:

pWHM223 is constructed by subcloning the 3.3 kb BamHI fragment obtained from the pWHM335 cosmid clone, described by Stutzman-Engwall and Hutchinson ((Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3135 (1989)) and Otten et al. (J. Bacteriol. 172:3427 (1990)), in the BamHI site of pUC19. This recombinant plasmid is NcoI digested, filled in with the Klenow fragment and ligated with the blunt-ended SaII aphII gene from the pFDNEO-S plasmid described by F. Danis and R. Brzezinski, (FEMS Microbiology Letters 81:261-264 (1991)). This construction is transferred as an EcoRI-HindIII fragment into plasmid pKC1139 (M. Bierman et al., Gene 116:43-49 (1992)) to obtain pWHM225 (FIG. 6). The pKC1139 vector contains a temperature-sensitive replicon that functions well at temperature below 34° C. and bears the apramycin resistance gene. Protoplasts of 29050 strain are transformed with pWHM225, and transformants are selected with apramycin sulfate (40 micrograms/ml) at 30° C. Colonies from this transformation are transferred to ISP4 agar supplemented with kanamycin sulfate (40 micrograms/ml) and incubated at 39° C. for 7 days to eliminate the autonomous replicating vector and to select transformants in which homologous recombination between the cloned DNA and the chromosome has occurred. Three of these cultures are isolated on ISP4 agar with kanamycin sulfate (40 micrograms/ml) and incubated at 39° C. for 7 days. Plates with about 100 colonies are replicated on ISP4 with apramycin sulfate (40 micrograms/ml) and incubated at 39° C. for 7 days. Colonies that don't grow on apramycin are selected from kanamycin plates and checked in fermentation in presence of kanamycin. Two colonies with the kanamycin-resistance, apramycin-sensitive phenotype are examined by Southern analysis to verify the disruption of the dnrX gene. Chromosomal DNA from the 29050 strain and the two dnrX mutants is digested with BamHI and probed with a 500 bp internal fragment of the aphII gene from the pFDNEO-S. The probe hybridizes to 4.3 kb fragment for the two dnrX mutants, which is consistent with the insertion of the aphII resistance gene in the dnrX gene.

Example 5

Enhanced Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin Production and Baumycin-like Compounds Disappearance in Fermentation Broth of dnrX Mutant.

The dnrX mutant is grown for 10 days at 30° C. on slants of ISP4 agar medium added with 40 micrograms/ml of kanamycin sulfate. The spores of this culture are collected and suspended in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 25 ml of R2YE liquid medium containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate and the flasks are shaken for 2 days at 30° C. on a rotary shaker running at 300 rpm in a 5 cm diameter circle. 2.5 ml of this culture are used to inoculate 25 ml of APM medium containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks are incubated at 30° C. for 120 hr under the same conditions described for the seed cultures. The metabolites are extracted from the cultures according to the methods described in the Materials and Methods section. The production values are indicated in Tables 3 A and B wherein R.T. stands for Retention Time.

TABLE 3A Production values in non acidified cultures baumcycin- baumcycin- daunorobicin doxorubicin like like Strain μg/ml μg/ml R.T. 35.9 R.T. 39.3 ATCC 29050  6  9 ++ +++ WMH1654 35 41 − −

TABLE 3B Production values in acidified cultures baumcycin- baumcycin- daunorobicin doxorubicin like like Strain μg/ml μg/ml R.T. 35.9 R.T. 39.3 ATCC 29050 45 14 − − WMH1654 36 41 − −

Example 6

Complementation of the dnrX Mutation with the Wild-type dnrX Gene

To confirm that the disappearance of the baumycin-like products in the fermentation broth is due to dnrX disruption, the dnrX mutant is transformed with the pWHM226 containing, in the BamHI site of the polylinker of pWHM3, the 3.3 kb fragment of the invention including the dnrX. pWHM226 is introduced in the S. peucetius dnrX mutant by the protoplast-mediated transformation method described above, using thiostrepton (50 μg/ml) for selection of the recombinant strains. Transformants are checked for doxorubicin and daunorubicin production, in presence of thiostrepton (10 μg/ml), according to the fermentation conditions described in Materials and Methods. Extracts of the non-acidified fermentation broths of two transformants show in RP-HPLC the appearance of the two peaks with retention times of 35.9 and 39.3 min, respectively, corresponding to the two acid-sensitive, baumycin-like compounds, while extracts of the dnrX mutant fermentation broth obtained under the same conditions do not show these peaks.

Example 7

Construction of a dnrX dnrU Double Mutant

The S.peucetius WMH1654 dnrX mutant strain was infected with a phage integrating vector KC515 derivative that contains a chromosomal fragment with the disrupted copy of dnrU and the aphII gene inserted into a BaII site located at the beginning of the structural part of dnrU. Clones resistant to both neomycin and viomycin were obtained, with the expectation that these clones could be produced by homologous recombination between the cloned fragment and the chromosome of the dnrX mutant. Since the results of PCR analysis indicated that recombination did not take place within the aphII gene in the host, resident in the dnrX gene, and incoming phage DNA, the clones could be a result of homologous recombination in the dnrU gene. Clones resistant to neomycin only were isolated among the progeny of these neomycin and viomycin resistant clones and examined by Southern analysis. When chromosomal DNA from the clones was digested with BamHI and probed with the 1.0 kb PstI-BamHI fragment of pFDNeoS containing the aphII gene, the probe hybridized to 4.3 kb and 7.0 kb BamHI fragments in the DNA from the neomycin resistant mutant, which is consistent with the insertion of the aphII gene into the dnrX and dnrU genes. This strain was named WMH1662 and deposited at the American Type Culture Collection with the accession number ATCC 202051.

Example 8

Additive Effect of dnrX and dnrU Mutations on Doxorubicin Yield

The WMH1662 dnrX dnrU mutant was grown for 10 days at 30° C. on slants of ISP4 agar medium containing 40 micrograms/ml of kanamycin sulfate. The spores of this culture were collected and suspended in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate and the flasks were shaken for 2 days at 30° C. on a rotary shaker running at 300 rpm in a 5 cm diameter circle. A 2.5 ml portion of this culture was used to inoculate 25 ml of APM medium containing 40 micrograms of kanamycin sulfate in 300 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were incubated at 30° C. for 120 hr under the same conditions described for the seed cultures. The metabolites were extracted from the cultures according to the methods described above in the Material and Methods section. The amounts of anthracycline metabolites produced are indicated in the following table (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Rhodomy- Doxorubicin Daunorubicin cinone Doxo/Dauno Strain μg/ml μg/ml μg/ml ratio ATCC 29050 14.3 30.2 11.8  0.4 dnrX- 40.6 30.5   0  1.3 [WMH1654] dnrU- 47.2 15.9 69.3  2.9 [WMH1658] dnrX dnrU 84.8  7.0  2.4 12.1 [WMH 1662]

7 864 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA unknown CDS 1..861 1 ATG ACG GCC TCC ACC CCG CAC CAC GGG ACA CCA CGC GGC GGC CTG TCG 48 Met Thr Ala Ser Thr Pro His His Gly Thr Pro Arg Gly Gly Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 GGC CGG ACG GTG CTG GTC ACC GGG GCC ACG TCC GGC ATC GGC CGG GCG 96 Gly Arg Thr Val Leu Val Thr Gly Ala Thr Ser Gly Ile Gly Arg Ala 20 25 30 GCG GCC CTC GCG GTC GCC CGC CAG GGG GCC CGC GTC GTG CTC GTC GGC 144 Ala Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Arg Gln Gly Ala Arg Val Val Leu Val Gly 35 40 45 CGG GAC CCC GAG CGT CTG CGG ACC GTC ACG AAC GAG GTG GCC CGG ACC 192 Arg Asp Pro Glu Arg Leu Arg Thr Val Thr Asn Glu Val Ala Arg Thr 50 55 60 GCC GGC CCG GCC CCG GAC GCC TTC CGC GCG GAC TTC GCC GAG CTG CGC 240 Ala Gly Pro Ala Pro Asp Ala Phe Arg Ala Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Arg 65 70 75 80 CAG GTA CGC GAC CTG GGG GAG CGG CTG CGG GAC CGG TAC CCG CGC ATC 288 Gln Val Arg Asp Leu Gly Glu Arg Leu Arg Asp Arg Tyr Pro Arg Ile 85 90 95 GAT GTC ATG GCC AGC AAC GCC GGC GGC ATG TTC TGG TCG CGC ACC ACG 336 Asp Val Met Ala Ser Asn Ala Gly Gly Met Phe Trp Ser Arg Thr Thr 100 105 110 ACC CAG GAC GGG TTC GAG GCC ACC ATC CAG GTC AAT CAC CTC GCA GGC 384 Thr Gln Asp Gly Phe Glu Ala Thr Ile Gln Val Asn His Leu Ala Gly 115 120 125 TTC CTG CTG GCA CGG CTG CTG CGG GAG CGG CTC GCG GGC GGG CGG CTG 432 Phe Leu Leu Ala Arg Leu Leu Arg Glu Arg Leu Ala Gly Gly Arg Leu 130 135 140 ATC CTC ACC TCG TCC GAC GCG TAC ACC CAG GGC CGG ATC GAC CCG GAC 480 Ile Leu Thr Ser Ser Asp Ala Tyr Thr Gln Gly Arg Ile Asp Pro Asp 145 150 155 160 GAC CTC AAC GGC GAC CGT CAC CGC TAC AGC GCC GGC CAG GCG TAC GGC 528 Asp Leu Asn Gly Asp Arg His Arg Tyr Ser Ala Gly Gln Ala Tyr Gly 165 170 175 ACG TCC AAA CAG GCC AAC ATC ATG ACC GCG GCG GAG GCC GCC AGG CGC 576 Thr Ser Lys Gln Ala Asn Ile Met Thr Ala Ala Glu Ala Ala Arg Arg 180 185 190 TGG CCG GAC GTG CTG GCG GTC AGC TAT CAC CCC GGT GAG GTC CGC ACC 624 Trp Pro Asp Val Leu Ala Val Ser Tyr His Pro Gly Glu Val Arg Thr 195 200 205 CGC ATC GGA CGG GGC ACG GTC GCC TCG TCC TAC TTC CGG TTC AAC CCC 672 Arg Ile Gly Arg Gly Thr Val Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe Arg Phe Asn Pro 210 215 220 TTC CTG CGC TCC GCG GCG AAG GGC GCC GAC ACC CTC GTG TGG CTG GCG 720 Phe Leu Arg Ser Ala Ala Lys Gly Ala Asp Thr Leu Val Trp Leu Ala 225 230 235 240 TCC GCG CCG GCC GAG GAG TTG ACC ACG GGC GGC TAC TAC AGC GAC CGG 768 Ser Ala Pro Ala Glu Glu Leu Thr Thr Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Ser Asp Arg 245 250 255 CGG CTG TCC CCG GTG AGC GGC CCG ACC GCC GAC GCC GGC CTC GCG GCG 816 Arg Leu Ser Pro Val Ser Gly Pro Thr Ala Asp Ala Gly Leu Ala Ala 260 265 270 AAG CTC TGG GAG GCC GGC GCG GCC GCC GTC GGC GAC ACC GCG CAC 861 Lys Leu Trp Glu Ala Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Gly Asp Thr Ala His 275 280 285 TGA 864 287 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 2 Met Thr Ala Ser Thr Pro His His Gly Thr Pro Arg Gly Gly Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Thr Val Leu Val Thr Gly Ala Thr Ser Gly Thr Gly Arg Ala 20 25 30 Ala Ala Leu Ala Val Ala Arg Gln Gly Ala Arg Val Val Leu Val Gly 35 40 45 Arg Asp Pro Glu Arg Leu Arg Thr Val Thr Asn Glu Val Ala Arg Thr 50 55 60 Ala Gly Pro Ala Pro Asp Ala Phe Arg Ala Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Arg 65 70 75 80 Gln Val Arg Asp Leu Gly Glu Arg Leu Arg Asp Arg Tyr Pro Arg Ile 85 90 95 Asp Val Met Ala Ser Asn Ala Gly Gly Met Phe Trp Ser Arg Thr Thr 100 105 110 Thr Gln Asp Gly Phe Glu Ala Thr Ile Gln Val Asn His Leu Ala Gly 115 120 125 Phe Leu Leu Ala Arg Leu Leu Arg Glu Arg Leu Ala Gly Gly Arg Leu 130 135 140 Ile Leu Thr Ser Ser Asp Ala Tyr Thr Gln Gly Arg Ile Asp Pro Asp 145 150 155 160 Asp Leu Asn Gly Asp Arg His Arg Tyr Ser Ala Gly Gln Ala Tyr Gly 165 170 175 Thr Ser Lys Gln Ala Asn Ile Met Thr Ala Ala Glu Ala Ala Arg Arg 180 185 190 Trp Pro Asp Val Leu Ala Val Ser Tyr His Pro Gly Glu Val Arg Thr 195 200 205 Arg Ile Gly Arg Gly Thr Val Ala Ser Ser Tyr Phe Arg Phe Asn Pro 210 215 220 Phe Leu Arg Ser Ala Ala Lys Gly Ala Asp Thr Leu Val Trp Leu Ala 225 230 235 240 Ser Ala Pro Ala Glu Glu Leu Thr Thr Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Ser Asp Arg 245 250 255 Arg Leu Ser Pro Val Ser Gly Pro Thr Ala Asp Ala Gly Leu Ala Ala 260 265 270 Lys Leu Trp Glu Ala Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Gly Asp Thr Ala His 275 280 285 1569 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA unknown 3 ATGGCTGAGC TCAGCCTGGC GGAACTGCGG GAGATCATGC GGCAGAGCCT GGGGGAGGAC 60 GAGGTCCCCG ACCTTGCGGA CGCGGACACC GTGACCTTCG AGGACCTCGG GCTCGACTCC 120 CTGGCCGTCC TGGAAACGGT CAACCACATC GAGCGGACCT ATGGCGTGAA GCTGCCCGAG 180 GAGGAACTGG CGGAGGTCAG GACGCCGCAT AGCATGCTGA TCTTCGTCAA CGAGAGGCTG 240 CGAGCGGCGG CATGACGGCC TCCACCCCGC ACCACGGGAC ACCACGCGGC GGCCTGTCGG 300 GCCGGACGGT GCTGGTCACC GGGGCCACGT CCGGCATCGG CCGGGCGGCG GCCCTCGCGG 360 TCGCCCGCCA GGGGGCCCGC GTCGTGCTCG TCGGCCGGGA CCCCGAGCGT CTGCGGACCG 420 TCACGAACGA GGTGGCCCGG ACCGCCGGCC CGGCCCCGGA CGCCTTCCGC GCGGACTTCG 480 CCGAGCTGCG CCAGGTACGC GACCTGGGGG AGCGGCTGCG GGACCGGTAC CCGCGCATCG 540 ATGTCATGGC CAGCAACGCC GGCGGCATGT TCTGGTCGCG CACCACGACC CAGGACGGGT 600 TCGAGGCCAC CATCCAGGTC AATCACCTCG CAGGCTTCCT GCTGGCACGG CTGCTGCGGG 660 AGCGGCTCGC GGGCGGGCGG CTGATCCTCA CCTCGTCCGA CGCGTACACC CAGGGCCGGA 720 TCGACCCGGA CGACCTCAAC GGCGACCGTC ACCGCTACAG CGCCGGCCAG GCGTACGGCA 780 CGTCCAAACA GGCCAACATC ATGACCGCGG CGGAGGCCGC CAGGCGCTGG CCGGACGTGC 840 TGGCGGTCAG CTATCACCCC GGTGAGGTCC GCACCCGCAT CGGACGGGGC ACGGTCGCCT 900 CGTCCTACTT CCGGTTCAAC CCCTTCCTGC GCTCCGCGGC GAAGGGCGCC GACACCCTCG 960 TGTGGCTGGC GTCCGCGCCG GCCGAGGAGT TGACCACGGG CGGCTACTAC AGCGACCGGC 1020 GGCTGTCCCC GGTGAGCGGC CCGACCGCCG ACGCCGGCCT CGCGGCGAAG CTCTGGGAGG 1080 CCGGCGCGGC CGCCGTCGGC GACACCGCGC ACTGACGGCG GCGGCCCGCC CCGCCCGCAT 1140 GTCCGTCTCA TCCGCGAGAT GTCCGTCTCA TCCGCGAGCG CAGACGCTCG TGTGCCGATC 1200 CATCGAAAGG AACGATTCGT GACCAGGTTC GCGCCCGGCG CCCCCGCATG GTTCGACCTC 1260 GGTTCGCCCG ATGTCGCCGC CTCGGCCGAC TTCTACACCG GCCTGTTCGG CTGGACCGCC 1320 ACCGTGGTCA GCGACCCGGG CGCCGGGGGA TGCACGACGT TCAGCTCCGA CGGGAAGCTG 1380 GTCGCCGCGG TCGCCCGCCA CCAGATCGAC ACCCCCTACC ACCGGCCGTA CGGGCCCGGG 1440 AACGACCAGC ACGGCATGCC GGCCATCTGG ACCGTGTACT TCGCCACCGA CGACGCCGAC 1500 GCACTGACCA AGCGGGTCGA GACGGCGGGC GGCGAGGTCA TCATGACTCC GATGGACGTC 1560 CTCGGCCTC 1569 1401 base pairs nucleic acid double linear DNA Streptomyces peucetius CDS 190..1398 4 AGTACTGCCA GATCGAGCGG CTGGGGAACC TGGCCGCGCT GCCGGGGTGC GACGGCTTCC 60 AGGTCGCCTG CTTCCCCGTG AAGATCACCG GCGGGGGGGC CGGCTGGACC CGCGCGGTCG 120 CCTTCGTCGA CGAATGAACG TTCCGGGCGG TGGCCCCGGA CCGGCGGCCA CTCAGCATCG 180 AGAGGGATC ATG GAG CCG AAC GAA TCG ACA TGT CGT ATC TGC GGT GGC 228 Met Glu Pro Asn Glu Ser Thr Cys Arg Ile Cys Gly Gly 1 5 10 CGA GTA CGG GAG TTC TTC GAC TTC GGC CGC CAG CCG CTG TCC GAC TAC 276 Arg Val Arg Glu Phe Phe Asp Phe Gly Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Asp Tyr 15 20 25 TTC CCG TCG GAG GAG GAG CTC GAC AAC GAG TTC TTC TTC CGG CTC GCG 324 Phe Pro Ser Glu Glu Glu Leu Asp Asn Glu Phe Phe Phe Arg Leu Ala 30 35 40 45 GTC GGG ATG TGC GTC ACG TGC ACC ATG GTC CAG CTG CTG GAG GAG GTG 372 Val Gly Met Cys Val Thr Cys Thr Met Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Glu Val 50 55 60 CCC AGG GAC CGC ATG TTC CGC TAC GAC TAC CCG TAC CAC TCG TCG GGG 420 Pro Arg Asp Arg Met Phe Arg Tyr Asp Tyr Pro Tyr His Ser Ser Gly 65 70 75 TCG GAG CGG ATG CGC GAG CAC TTC GCG GCG ACC GCC CGC CGG CTG ATC 468 Ser Glu Arg Met Arg Glu His Phe Ala Ala Thr Ala Arg Arg Leu Ile 80 85 90 GGC ACC GAG CTG ACC GGG CGG GAC CCG TTC TGC GTG GAG ATC GGC AGC 516 Gly Thr Glu Leu Thr Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Cys Val Glu Ile Gly Ser 95 100 105 AAC GAC GGA GTG ATG CTC CGC ACG GTG CGC GAC GCC GGT GTC CGA CAC 564 Asn Asp Gly Val Met Leu Arg Thr Val Arg Asp Ala Gly Val Arg His 110 115 120 125 CTG GGC GTG GAG CCT TCC GGC GGT GTC GCC GAC GTG TCC CGG GCC GAG 612 Leu Gly Val Glu Pro Ser Gly Gly Val Ala Asp Val Ser Arg Ala Glu 130 135 140 GGC ATC CAG GTG CGG ACC GCG TTC TTC GAG GAG TCC ACG GCC CGG GAG 660 Gly Ile Gln Val Arg Thr Ala Phe Phe Glu Glu Ser Thr Ala Arg Glu 145 150 155 ATC GCC CAG GAA CAC GGG CCC GCG AAC GTC ATC TAC GCG GCC AAC ACG 708 Ile Ala Gln Glu His Gly Pro Ala Asn Val Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Thr 160 165 170 ATC TGT CAT ATC CCG TAC CTC GAC TCC GTC TTC CGC GGT ATC GAC GCC 756 Ile Cys His Ile Pro Tyr Leu Asp Ser Val Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp Ala 175 180 185 CTC CTC GCG CCG GAC GGC GTC TTC GTC TTC GAG GAC CCC TAC CTC GGC 804 Leu Leu Ala Pro Asp Gly Val Phe Val Phe Glu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gly 190 195 200 205 GAC ATC GTC GAG AAG AAC ACC TTC GAC CAG ATC TAC GAC GAG CAC TTC 852 Asp Ile Val Glu Lys Asn Thr Phe Asp Gln Ile Tyr Asp Glu His Phe 210 215 220 TAC CTG TTC ACC GCC CGC TCG GTG AGC ACC ACC GCC CAG CAC TTC GGA 900 Tyr Leu Phe Thr Ala Arg Ser Val Ser Thr Thr Ala Gln His Phe Gly 225 230 235 TTC GAA CTG GTC GAC GTG GAG CGG CTC CCG GTG CAC GGC GGC GAG GTC 948 Phe Glu Leu Val Asp Val Glu Arg Leu Pro Val His Gly Gly Glu Val 240 245 250 CGC TAC ACC ATC GCC CGC GCG GGC CGG CGG CAG CCG AGC CCC CGG GTC 996 Arg Tyr Thr Ile Ala Arg Ala Gly Arg Arg Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Val 255 260 265 GGC GAG CTC ATC GCC GAG GAG AGC CGG CGC GGG CTC GCC GAC CTG ACG 1044 Gly Glu Leu Ile Ala Glu Glu Ser Arg Arg Gly Leu Ala Asp Leu Thr 270 275 280 285 ACG CTG GAG AAG TTC GGC GCC CAG GTC AAG CGG GTC TGC TGT GAC CTG 1092 Thr Leu Glu Lys Phe Gly Ala Gln Val Lys Arg Val Cys Cys Asp Leu 290 295 300 GTG GCC CGT CTG CGC GAG CTG CGC GAC CTC GGC TTC TAC GTC GTC GGG 1140 Val Ala Arg Leu Arg Glu Leu Arg Asp Leu Gly Phe Tyr Val Val Gly 305 310 315 TAC GGG GCG ACC GCC AAG AGC GCC ACA GTG CTC AAC TAT GCG GGG ATC 1188 Tyr Gly Ala Thr Ala Lys Ser Ala Thr Val Leu Asn Tyr Ala Gly Ile 320 325 330 GGC CCC GAT CTG CTG CCG TGC GTC TAC GAC ACC ACG CCG GCC AAG ATC 1236 Gly Pro Asp Leu Leu Pro Cys Val Tyr Asp Thr Thr Pro Ala Lys Ile 335 340 345 GGC CGT CGG CTC CCC GGG TCC CAC ATC CCC ATC CGC TCC GCC GAG GAG 1284 Gly Arg Arg Leu Pro Gly Ser His Ile Pro Ile Arg Ser Ala Glu Glu 350 355 360 365 TTC CGG GCC CCC TAC CCC GAC TAT GCG CTG CTC TTC GCC TGG AAC CAC 1332 Phe Arg Ala Pro Tyr Pro Asp Tyr Ala Leu Leu Phe Ala Trp Asn His 370 375 380 CTA GAC GAA GTC CAG GCC CGA GAG GCG GAG TTC ACG AAG CAG GGG GGC 1380 Leu Asp Glu Val Gln Ala Arg Glu Ala Glu Phe Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly 385 390 395 CGC TGG ATC CGC TCA GGG TGA 1401 Arg Trp Ile Arg Ser Gly 400 403 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 5 Met Glu Pro Asn Glu Ser Thr Cys Arg Ile Cys Gly Gly Arg Val Arg 1 5 10 15 Glu Phe Phe Asp Phe Gly Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Asp Tyr Phe Pro Ser 20 25 30 Glu Glu Glu Leu Asp Asn Glu Phe Phe Phe Arg Leu Ala Val Gly Met 35 40 45 Cys Val Thr Cys Thr Met Val Gln Leu Leu Glu Glu Val Pro Arg Asp 50 55 60 Arg Met Phe Arg Tyr Asp Tyr Pro Tyr His Ser Ser Gly Ser Glu Arg 65 70 75 80 Met Arg Glu His Phe Ala Ala Thr Ala Arg Arg Leu Ile Gly Thr Glu 85 90 95 Leu Thr Gly Arg Asp Pro Phe Cys Val Glu Ile Gly Ser Asn Asp Gly 100 105 110 Val Met Leu Arg Thr Val Arg Asp Ala Gly Val Arg His Leu Gly Val 115 120 125 Glu Pro Ser Gly Gly Val Ala Asp Val Ser Arg Ala Glu Gly Ile Gln 130 135 140 Val Arg Thr Ala Phe Phe Glu Glu Ser Thr Ala Arg Glu Ile Ala Gln 145 150 155 160 Glu His Gly Pro Ala Asn Val Ile Tyr Ala Ala Asn Thr Ile Cys His 165 170 175 Ile Pro Tyr Leu Asp Ser Val Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp Ala Leu Leu Ala 180 185 190 Pro Asp Gly Val Phe Val Phe Glu Asp Pro Tyr Leu Gly Asp Ile Val 195 200 205 Glu Lys Asn Thr Phe Asp Gln Ile Tyr Asp Glu His Phe Tyr Leu Phe 210 215 220 Thr Ala Arg Ser Val Ser Thr Thr Ala Gln His Phe Gly Phe Glu Leu 225 230 235 240 Val Asp Val Glu Arg Leu Pro Val His Gly Gly Glu Val Arg Tyr Thr 245 250 255 Ile Ala Arg Ala Gly Arg Arg Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Val Gly Glu Leu 260 265 270 Ile Ala Glu Glu Ser Arg Arg Gly Leu Ala Asp Leu Thr Thr Leu Glu 275 280 285 Lys Phe Gly Ala Gln Val Lys Arg Val Cys Cys Asp Leu Val Ala Arg 290 295 300 Leu Arg Glu Leu Arg Asp Leu Gly Phe Tyr Val Val Gly Tyr Gly Ala 305 310 315 320 Thr Ala Lys Ser Ala Thr Val Leu Asn Tyr Ala Gly Ile Gly Pro Asp 325 330 335 Leu Leu Pro Cys Val Tyr Asp Thr Thr Pro Ala Lys Ile Gly Arg Arg 340 345 350 Leu Pro Gly Ser His Ile Pro Ile Arg Ser Ala Glu Glu Phe Arg Ala 355 360 365 Pro Tyr Pro Asp Tyr Ala Leu Leu Phe Ala Trp Asn His Leu Asp Glu 370 375 380 Val Gln Ala Arg Glu Ala Glu Phe Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly Arg Trp Ile 385 390 395 400 Arg Ser Gly 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid /desc = “synthetic oligonucleotide primer” unknown 6 CGCCAGGGTT TTCCCAGTCA CGAC 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear other nucleic acid /desc = “synthetic oligonucleotide primer” unknown 7 AGCGGATAAC AATTTCACAC AGGA 24 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant Streptomyces cell which produces doxorubicin, comprising daunorubicin metabolism genes dnrU and dnrX, wherein the dnrU and dnrX genes have been inactivated.
 2. The cell according to claim 1, wherein said Streptomyces is Streptomyces peucetius.
 3. The cell according to claim 2, wherein said cell is WMH
 1662. 4. The cell according to claim 1, wherein the daunorubicin metabolism genes are inactivated by insertion of a gene into each daunorubicin metabolism gene.
 5. The cell according to claim 4, wherein the daunorubicin metabolism genes are inactivated by insertion of a neomycin/kanamycin resistance gene aphII.
 6. A process for preparing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of daunorubicin and doxorubicin, comprising the steps of: culturing a recombinant Streptomyces cell comprising daunorubicin metabolism genes dnrX and dnrU, wherein the dnrX and dnrU genes have been inactivated and isolating at least one compound selected from the group consisting of daunorubicin and doxorubicin from the culture.
 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein said Streptomyces is Streptomyces peucetius.
 8. The process according to claim 7, wherein said Streptomyces peucetius is WMH
 1662. 9. A vector comprising one daunorubicin metabolism gene dnrX, wherein the daunorubicin metabolism gene has been inactivated.
 10. The vector according to claim 9, wherein the dnrX gene is inactivated by insertion of an aphII gene.
 11. The vector according to claim 9, wherein said vector is a plasmid.
 12. The vector according to claim 9, wherein the vector is a phage.
 13. A host cell transformed with the vector according to claim
 9. 14. A host cell comprising daunorubicin metabolism genes, wherein a first daunorubicin metabolism gene, selected from the group consisting of dnrU gene and dnrX gene is inactivated by insertion of another gene, and wherein said host cell is transformed with a vector comprising a second daunorubicin metabolism gene selected from the group consisting of the dnrU gene and the dnrX gene, wherein said second gene is not said first gene and wherein said second gene is inactivated by the insertion of another gene.
 15. A host cell comprising daunorubicin metabolism genes, wherein a dnrU daunorubicin gene is inactivated by insertion of another gene and wherein said host cell is transformed with a vector comprising dnrX daunorubicin metabolism gene wherein said dnrX gene is inactivated by the insertion of another gene.
 16. A host cell comprising daunorubicin metabolism genes, wherein a dnrX daunorubicin gene is inactivated by insertion of another gene and wherein said host cell is transformed with a vector comprising dnrU daunorubicin metabolism gene wherein said dnrU gene is inactivated by the insertion of another gene. 